International Journal of Pharmacy with Medical Sciences
Editor- In-Chief: Dr. Charles M Title proper: International Journal of Pharmacy with Medical Sciences (IJPAMS) Subject: Pharmacy, Medical, AI Computer Science, IOT, Science and Technology Publisher Name: Zestera Publications ISSN: 3068-2738 Dates of publication: 2021 Frequency: Quarterly Language: English Country: USA Medium: Online Indexed by: CROSSREF, MDPI scilit, Google Scholar Ext Title DOI of the Journal: http://doi.org/10.64751/issn.3068-2738 E-mail: editor@ijpams.com Impact Factor : 6.0
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF BENZOTHIAZOLE DERIVATIVES: A REVIEW OF ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITIES
The present paper provides a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potential of benzothiazole-based compounds, with particular emphasis on their antimicrobial and antidiabetic activities. Various studies have demonstrated that structural modifications in the benzothiazole nucleus significantly influence their biological performance. The presence of different substituents and functional groups plays a key role in enhancing activity against a variety of microbial pathogens as well as in regulating glucose metabolism.
Benzothiazole derivatives; Biological activity; Antimicrobial activity; Antidiabetic activity
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
COMPARISON OF THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF REFRACTORYCAST INVESTMENT MATERIAL BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENTWITH WAX, HARDENING AGENTS- AN IN-VITRO STUDY
Background: Achieving a smooth surface on refractory casts is essential for the accuracy and longevity of dental prostheses. Phosphate-bonded investment materials, although thermally stable, often exhibit surface roughness during wax pattern fabrication and processing. Aim: To evaluate and compare the surface roughness of refractory cast investment material before and after treatment with hardening agents and subsequent heat treatment. Materials and Methods: Twenty rectangular specimens were fabricated using commercially available phosphatebonded investment material. Initial surface roughness was measured using a contact profilometer. Specimens were randomly divided into two groups (n=10): Group I treated with model hardener and Group II treated with beeswax. Surface roughness was re-evaluated after treatment. All specimens were then subjected to heat treatment at 875°C for 60 minutes, followed by gradual cooling, and final measurements were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. Results: A statistically significant reduction in surface roughness was observed in both groups after hardening and heat treatment (p < 0.05).
CHINDAM HARITHA1 , MAHENDRANADH REDDY2 , MAHADEV SHASTRY3 , VENKAT ADITYA4
Copyright (c) 2026 CHINDAM HARITHA1 , MAHENDRANADH REDDY2 , MAHADEV SHASTRY3 , VENKAT ADITYA4 (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND CONTROLLING MEASURES OF DOWRY DEATHS IN INDIA
The institution of marriage is an essential building block of societal structure, acting as a catalyst for joyous celebrations and fresh beginnings. Nonetheless, a persistent problem related to marriage, especially from the viewpoint of women in Indian society, is the dowry system. Despite extensive criticism and opposition, the custom remains prevalent manifesting in subtle as well as in overt ways. We still see a heightened and intensified manifestation of the evils of this system due to the problematic approach of the general public. The majority of the population still considers the practice of demanding and expecting bride prices to be acceptable and even justified. This study aimed to grasp the interconnected socio-demographic factors and suggest potential measures for intervention.
Dowry Deaths, Status, Causes, Consequences, Controlling Measures in India
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. B. Mukunda Naidu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF MALWARE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS WITH MACHINE LEARNING
Sophisticated malware strains—including ransomware, polymorphic viruses, and advanced persistent threats— continue to outpace conventional signature-driven defenses, demanding a fundamentally more adaptive detection paradigm. This paper introduces a multi-layered malware classification framework that couples dynamic behavioral analysis with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifier and two corroborating detection channels: YARA rulebased pattern matching and crowd-sourced threat intelligence obtained through the VirusTotal API. During controlled sandbox execution, a 28-dimensional feature vector is assembled from file entropy, Win32 API call distributions, portable executable (PE) header attributes, and network-activity indicators. The ANN—a three-layer feed-forward network trained with binary cross-entropy loss and Adam optimization—produces a probabilistic malice score that is subsequently fused with normalized YARA and VirusTotal signals under a weighted risk-scoring formula (ANN 40%, YARA 30%, VirusTotal 30%). Evaluated on a balanced corpus of 12,000 PE executables, the unified system achieves 96.4% detection accuracy, 96.9% precision, and 95.8% recall, surpassing standalone ANN, Random Forest, SVM, and signature baselines by margins of 2.6–18.1 percentage points. End-to-end sample latency averages 4.2 seconds, confirming near-real-time viability. The system is deployed as a Flask web application exposing file-upload, featureentry, and hash-lookup analysis modes, providing analysts with interpretable, actionable verdicts across diverse operational contexts.
D. Abhisheik, G. Hema Sri Latha, L. Samuel
ENHANCING PRECISION AGRICULTURE THROUGH MACHINE LEARNINGBASED GPR SOIL MOISTURE ANALYSIS
Precision agriculture plays a crucial role in improving crop productivity and resource management in large-scale farming. Accurate assessment of soil moisture, particularly in the root zone, is essential for efficient irrigation planning and sustainable agricultural practices. Traditional soil moisture monitoring methods often rely on manual sampling or basic sensor-based techniques, which may provide limited spatial coverage and require significant labor and time. This study proposes an advanced approach that integrates Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) with machine learning techniques to enhance soil moisture analysis in precision agriculture. GPR technology enables nondestructive and large-scale subsurface soil analysis by capturing electromagnetic signal reflections from different soil layers. However, interpreting GPR signals can be challenging due to noise, soil heterogeneity, and environmental factors. To address these challenges, machine learning algorithms are employed to process and analyze GPR signal data, enabling accurate estimation of root zone soil moisture levels. The proposed system includes data preprocessing, feature extraction from GPR signals, and predictive modeling using machine learning methods such as Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, or Neural Networks. These models learn complex relationships between GPR signal characteristics and soil moisture conditions.The integration of machine learning with GPR technology improves the accuracy, efficiency, and scalability of soil moisture assessment in large agricultural fields. The proposed approach supports data-driven irrigation management, optimized water usage, and improved crop health monitoring, contributing to sustainable and intelligent precision agriculture systems.
N. RADHAMMA, GANDLA NIKHITHA, BENDRAM SURENDHAR, DORAPALLY CHARANTEJA, GANJI MANOJ
ADVANCED SCHIZOPHRENIA DIAGNOSIS USING EEG SIGNAL PROCESSING AND DEEP LEARNING TECHNIQUES
Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder affecting perception, cognition, and behavior. Globally it impacts about 1% of the population. In India, nearly 4–5 million people are estimated to live with schizophrenia, with many cases undiagnosed due to stigma and limited specialists. Traditionally, diagnosis relies on clinical interviews and behavioral assessment. The objective is to develop an automated system that diagnoses schizophrenia using EEG signals transformed into Markov Transition Field images and classified through deep learning models for accurate, objective decision support. In the manual system, psychiatrists diagnose schizophrenia through patient interviews, behavioral observation, medical history review, and standardized questionnaires such as DSM-based clinical assessments, often supported by basic EEG visual inspection. Manual diagnosis is subjective, time-consuming, and highly dependent on clinician experience. EEG interpretation lacks quantitative analysis, leading to inter-observer variability, delayed diagnosis, misclassification, and difficulty in identifying subtle neurological patterns. The motivation of this research is to overcome subjectivity and inconsistency in manual diagnosis by introducing automated EEG feature extraction and learning-based classification. By capturing hidden temporal patterns using Markov Transition Fields and deep models, the system improves reliability, scalability, and early detection accuracy. The proposed system converts EEG signals into Markov Transition Field images that preserve temporal dynamics of brain activity. Deep learning models such as VGG16 and Vision Transformer (ViT) extract discriminative spatial–temporal features from these images. Multiple classifiers VGG16-MTF, VGG16-NC, VGG16-KNN-RNC, and ViT-MTF Perceptron are employed to evaluate and enhance diagnostic performance. Ensemble and transformer-based learning reduce noise sensitivity and improve generalization. This machine learning–driven framework enables accurate, objective, and scalable schizophrenia diagnosis, supporting clinicians with reliable EEG-based decision assistance
POTHINENI VENKATESWARA RAO, ERRIC ADAMS POSANPALLY, DIDDI VISHAL, GADDAM SOUJANYA, BEDDALA NAVEEN
A HYBRID APPROACH FOR EV CHARGING LOAD FORECASTING USING SIGNAL NOISE REDUCTION AND TIME SERIES ANALYSIS
Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are a key component of intelligent transportation systems, enabling vehicles to communicate for safer and efficient traffic management. In India, rapid urbanization and increasing vehicle density have led to congestion and suboptimal route selection. According to recent reports, Indian cities witness over 30% higher average travel times due to traffic congestion. VANETs can optimize vehicle routing, improve network communication, and enhance road safety by analyzing traffic density, vehicle speed, and network conditions. The objective of this research is to predict optimal vehicle routes and traffic load patterns using machine learning. It aims to automate decision-making in vehicular networks for enhanced routing efficiency and network reliability. Traditionally, traffic and route management rely on manual monitoring using traffic signals, CCTV cameras, and periodic reports from traffic personnel. Vehicles follow pre-defined maps or human instructions to select routes, and charging stations depend on manual scheduling for load management. Manual systems are time-consuming, error-prone, and unable to adapt to real-time traffic fluctuations. They cannot predict congestion, optimize vehicle spacing, or balance charging loads dynamically. Human intervention limits scalability and often results in inefficient route selection and increased travel time. This research aims to overcome the limitations of manual systems by leveraging machine learning for real-time route and load optimization. Improvements include predictive accuracy, automated decisionmaking, adaptive traffic management, and efficient load distribution in vehicular networks, enabling scalable and reliable traffic solutions. The proposed system uses machine learning models for classification and regression. GP Classifier predicts whether a route or charging condition is optimal using Gaussian Process-based probabilistic modeling. KNN Classifier classifies load or route patterns based on similarities to historical data. FusionMind Classifier, a hybrid MLP+Random Forest model, captures complex patterns for accurate classification. For regression, SGD, KNN, and FusionMind Regressors forecast numerical values like vehicle spacing or charging load. These models enable predictive, adaptive, and automated traffic and charging management, reducing congestion and improving system reliability.
D. SUNITHA, ABHIRAM BALNE, CHINTHA MADHU, ERAI DEEPA, GADDIGOPULA MEGHANA
A STUDY ONRECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS AT BHARATHI CEMENTS PVT.LTD., KADAPA, A.P
Recruitment and selection is a significant role played by Human Resource Management towards assisting organizations to obtain qualified employees. This paper will focus on the recruitment and selection procedure that is used in Bharathi Cements Pvt. Ltd, Kadapa. The aims of the research are to examine the recruitment sources, learn the selection process, research the HR department, and the difficulties in the hiring process. The research will be founded on primary data gathered on 100 employees by means of a structured questionnaire. Data obtained was analyzed by the use of percentage analysis. According to the findings, the greatest source of recruitment is the employee referrals, the selection process is transparent and the organization employs various selection methods. The research recommends the enhancement of campus recruitment, shortening of approval process and use of digital recruiting tools in order to enhance efficiency of hiring.
Recruitment, Selection, Human Resource Management, Hiring Process, Employee Recruitment
A PROJECT REPORT ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN SRINIDHI MILK DIARY
Employee engagement plays a critical role in enhancing productivity, sustainability, and organizational performance within the plantation sector. Plantation operations, characterized by labor-intensive activities such as ploughing, planting, harvesting, and maintenance, depend heavily on workforce motivation and commitment. Engaged employees demonstrate higher levels of job satisfaction, reduced absenteeism, improved safety compliance, and increased output per acre. Factors influencing engagement in plantation settings include fair compensation, safe working conditions, access to skill development programs, recognition systems, and community welfare initiatives. Additionally, participatory management practices and effective communication strengthen trust between workers and management, leading to improved retention rates and operational efficiency. This study highlights the importance of strategic human resource practices tailored to agricultural environments to foster long-term sustainability and competitive advantage in plantation enterprises.
Employee Engagement, Plantation Sector, Agricultural Workforce, Labor Productivity, Job Satisfaction, Workforce Retention, Human Resource Management, Organizational Performance
SOME TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY TRIBES IN TELANGANA STATE.
Traditional Medicinal plants Used by Tribes In Telangana state, which is mainly occupied by tribes revealed that some medicinally important plants were used by herbal healers (ages between 54 - 80 years). In the present study, scientific name, family, vernacular name, habit and medicinal uses have been identified. Traditional Medicine studies were conducted particularly and dense forest where the tribal community inhabits. The present study of the area belonging to the tribes and we were visited, identified and gathered information on different plants used as medicine was recorded by direct observation, casual interview and taken photographs. In the present study, a number of plants which are used by tribes of Telangana State, India for treatment of skin diseases have been documented. The present study is based on the concept of “a plant for cure of a common disease”. For example a single plant was selected for common skin diseases like wounds, ring worm, itching, warts, eczema, vitilago, chicken pocks, measles and etc.. Among these plants, some species like Azadirachta indica, Curcuma langa, Annona squamosa, Plumbago zeylanica, Citrus lemon, Terminalia chebula, Phyllanthus emblica, Hybiscus rosasinenesis, Tridax procumbens, Lucas aspera, Ricinus communis and Mangefera indica were collected from the forest for treatment. From the present analysis plant parts are used roots, stem, bark, leaves, seeds and flowers. The present study concludes that, the used the pharmacognostic values of these plants. Such proven plant species may be used in the formulation of new drugs against different ailments. Hence, there is great need of cultivation and conservation of such plants. Keywords: Folklore Medicine, plants, trees.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A STUDY ON JOB SATISFACTION DONE AT ZUARI CEMENT, YERRAGUNTLA
Job satisfaction plays an important role in improving employee performance, motivation, and overall organizational success, especially in labor-intensive industries like cement manufacturing. This study examines the level of job satisfaction among employees at Zuari Cement Pvt Ltd, focusing on its operational units. It analyzes key factors such as working conditions, pay and benefits, workload, promotion opportunities, supervision, job security, and welfare facilities. Using a descriptive research design, primary data were collected through questionnaires, along with secondary data from company records and journals. The findings show moderate satisfaction overall, with improvements needed in career growth and workload management
Job Satisfaction, Employee Performance, Working Conditions, Welfare facilities, cement industry.
A PROJECT REPORT ON RATIO ANALYSIS AT MUTHOOT FINCORP
This paper concentrates on the ratio analysis of ‘Muthoot Fincorp’ to evaluate the overall financial performance of the company. The main aim of this research is to analyze the liquidity position, profitability efficiency, solvency position, operational efficiency, and overall financial stability of the company through various key financial ratios calculated from the published financial statements of the company. The research is conducted using the secondary data obtained from the annual reports and other publicly available financial statements of the company for a number of years. Various ratios, including liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, solvency ratios, and activity ratios, have been calculated and analyzed to understand the trends and performances of the company. The comparative and trend analysis techniques have been applied to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the company and areas that require improvement. The results of this research help to understand the company’s ability to pay off its shortterm financial obligations, earn profits, manage assets effectively, and develop in the long term. The analysis also explains the linkage between financial management and overall corporate performance. This research concludes by providing recommendations to improve financial efficiency and ensure sustainable development. This study makes a contribution to a better understanding of financial performance evaluation through ratio analysis and can be used as a reference by academicians, investors, and financial analysts.
Ratio Analysis, Financial Performance, Liquidity, Profitability, Solvency, Operational Efficiency, Financial Stability
A CLINICAL STUDY ON PREVALENCE, RISK FACTORS, AND VISUAL OUTCOMES OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of avoidable visual impairment among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly in resource-limited settings. This hospital-based cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of DR, associated risk factors, and visual outcomes among 274 T2DM patients aged 30 years and above. Participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, and DR was graded using standard clinical classification criteria. The overall prevalence of DR was 38.3%, comprising 24.6% non-proliferative DR and 13.7% proliferative DR. Clinically significant macular edema was present in 11.2% of patients. A duration of diabetes exceeding 10 years (OR 3.8, p < 0.001), poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 8%; OR 3.2, p = 0.002), and coexisting hypertension (OR 2.5, p = 0.01) were identified as independent predictors of DR. Visual impairment (best-corrected visual acuity < 6/18) was significantly associated with proliferative DR and macular edema (p < 0.001). These findings indicate a substantial burden of DR and emphasize the importance of early screening and optimal metabolic control to prevent vision loss.
Diabetic Retinopathy, Prevalence, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Risk Factors, Hospital-Based Study
NITROGLYCERINE IN CONTEMPORARY CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPEUTICS: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Nitroglycerine (glyceryl trinitrate) remains one of the most extensively utilized vasodilators in cardiovascular medicine, with a therapeutic legacy spanning over 150 years. Despite the emergence of novel anti-anginal and heart failure therapies, nitroglycerine continues to serve as a cornerstone agent for rapid symptomatic relief in angina pectoris and acute coronary syndromes. This review provides a comprehensive and mechanistically integrated analysis of nitroglycerine, encompassing its chemical characteristics, pharmacokinetic profile, nitric oxide–mediated signaling pathways, hemodynamic effects, clinical indications, adverse effects, drug interactions, and the phenomenon of nitrate tolerance. Particular emphasis is placed on mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2)- dependent bioactivation, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling, and emerging insights into pharmacogenomic variability influencing therapeutic response. Contemporary clinical applications in acute coronary syndromes, hypertensive emergencies, pulmonary edema, perioperative blood pressure control, and special populations are critically examined alongside limitations related to tachyphylaxis and long-term efficacy. Furthermore, evolving research directions, including nanoformulations, sustained-release delivery systems, and comparative effectiveness against newer anti-anginal agents, are discussed to contextualize the modern relevance of this classical therapy. While nitroglycerine does not confer demonstrated mortality benefit in chronic coronary disease, its rapid onset of action and predictable hemodynamic profile sustain its indispensable role in acute cardiovascular care. Ongoing translational research aimed at optimizing delivery strategies and overcoming tolerance mechanisms may further refine its clinical utility in contemporary cardiovascular therapeutics.
Nitroglycerine, Organic nitrates, Vasodilator, Nitric oxide (NO), cGMP pathway, Angina pectoris, Myocardial infarction, Acute heart failure, Hypertensive emergency, Coronary vasodilation, Pharmacokinetics, Drug interactions, Nitrate tolerance, Transdermal patch, Sublingual nitroglycerine
CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES, OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS AND LIFE STYLE IN THE PATIENTS OF CERVICAL CANCER
The incidences of cervical cancer nowadays, have shown higher occurrence rate in women belonging to very low socio-economic status as well as residing in unhygienic conditions especially in rural and slum areas. Recently, due to application of various effective screening methods, health care and survey programme conducted in Western countries, due to which the incidence of invasive cervical cancer have been decreased. In spite of effective screening techniques, still cervical cancer remain one of the most common cancer in women, next to breast and lung cancer, which is most leading cause of female patients death in India. Most prevevalent states in India… The various associated risk factors are multiple sexual partners, high-risk male whose previous partner had cervical cancer and persistent HPV infection, lower socio-economic status, multiple pregnancies, promiscuity, exposure to carcinogens, smoking and long term oral contraceptive pills (OCP) usage. In this present study, we observed a strong association is found between clinico-pathological features, occupational, life style and risk of developing cervical cancer in individuals carrying specific alleles among the population 18,19 .
Cervical cancer, Occupational, Clinico-Pathological, OCP.
EXTRACTION OF EGGSHELL MEMBRANE AND ITS APPLICATION AS A NATURAL DIALYSIS MEMBRANE FOR EX-VIVO DRUG PERMEATION STUDIES
Eggshell membrane (ESM) is a natural, protein-rich biomaterial that has gained increasing attention in pharmaceutical research due to its biocompatibility, selective permeability, and adsorption capabilities [1–5]. ESM serves as a versatile and cost-effective ex vivo membrane system, offering several advantages over conventional synthetic dialysis membranes [14,15]. Its unique fibrous architecture and biochemical composition allow realistic assessment of drug permeation, formulation– protein interactions, and controlled-release behavior. These properties make ESM an emerging platform for developing natural biomaterial-based wound dressings, topical delivery systems and therapeutic matrices. This research paper aim on the recent advancements in ESM separation techniques and applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry for improving the separation, dissolution, and efficient development and utilization of avian eggshell membranes.
Chicken eggs, eggshell membrane, protein, disulfide bond, dissolution.
HEMODYNAMIC VARIATIONS FOLLOWING SPINAL ANAESTHESIA IN NORMOTENSIVE VERSUS PREECLAMPTIC WOMEN UNDERGOING CAESAREAN SECTIONS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Background: Preeclampsia significantly alters maternal hemodynamics and may influence responses to spinal anesthesia during cesarean delivery. Understanding these differences is crucial for optimizing anesthetic management and maternal safety. Methods: This prospective observational study compared hemodynamic responses to spinal anesthesia in 64 parturients (32 preeclamptic, 32 normotensive) undergoing elective cesarean sections at Lal Ded Hospital, Srinagar. Hemodynamic parameters including blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were monitored at 12 time points over 120 minutes. Statistical analysis employed independent t-tests and chi-square tests. Results: Preeclamptic patients demonstrated significantly higher baseline blood pressure (SBP 162.53±14.65 vs 134.47±6.41 mmHg, p<0.001) but lower heart rate (99.34±13.92 vs 107.56±15.00 bpm, p=0.025). Following spinal anesthesia, preeclamptic women experienced more profound percentage decreases in blood pressure (SBP 47.7% vs 15.7%, DBP 51.3% vs 24.6%, MAP 49.9% vs 19.3%) with delayed nadir occurrence at 25 minutes versus 5 minutes. Vasopressor requirements were significantly higher in preeclamptic patients (84.4% vs 18.8%, p<0.001). Conclusion: Preeclamptic patients exhibit distinct hemodynamic responses to spinal anesthesia characterized by more pronounced blood pressure reductions, delayed nadirs, and increased vasopressor requirements despite elevated baseline vascular tone, necessitating individualized monitoring and management strategies.
Preeclampsia; Spinal Anesthesia; Hemodynamic Response; Cesarean Section; Vasopressor Requirements; Hypotension
Nutritional value comparison of tomatoes under varying drying conditions
Tomatoes are widely recognized for their rich nutritional profile, containing essential phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals that contribute to various health benefits. However, the drying process, a common preservation method, can significantly alter the nutritional composition of tomatoes. This study aimed to compare the effects of different drying conditions-room temperature drying, sun drying, and oven drying-on the nutritional value of tomatoes. Fresh, ripe tomatoes were sourced from local markets in Godhara, Panchmahal, Gujarat, India, and subjected to these drying methods. The nutritional parameters analyzed included moisture content, ash content, lipid content, crude protein content, and carbohydrate content. The results demonstrated significant reductions in moisture content across all drying methods, with oven drying being the most effective. Ash and carbohydrate contents increased due to the concentration effect as moisture was removed, whereas crude protein content decreased, particularly in sun-dried tomatoes. Lipid content showed minor variations, with slight losses observed in sun-dried and room temperature-dried samples. These findings highlight the impact of drying conditions on the nutritional integrity of tomatoes, offering insights into the best practices for preserving their nutritional value.
Nutritional composition, drying methods, tomatoes, moisture content, nutrient preservation
General Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture
New agricultural technologies, in general, need to cover two societal requirements-ensuring a safe, nutritious, and affordable food supply for the rapid increasing population, and at the same time, minimizing the negative environmental impacts of food production itself. Current agricultural technologies such as plant breeding and agrochemical research and development (R and D), environmentally sensitive and economic farm management practices will continue to play a major role in assuring a plentiful and safe food sup- ply. Advances in all these areas will be required to meet world food production needs. Plant biotechnology complements plant breeding efforts by increasing the diversity of genes and germplasm available for incorporation into crops and by significantly shortening the time required for the production of new cultivars, varieties and hybrids. From an economic perspective, plant biotechnology offers significant potential for the seed, agrochemical, food processing and pharmaceutical industries to develop new products and manufacturing processes. Perhaps the most compelling attribute of the application of biotechnology to agriculture is its relevance to helping ensure the availability of environmentally sustainable supplies of safe, nutritious and affordable food and to providing a readily accessible, economically viable technology for addressing primary food production needs. Keeping in view, the article focusses on the biotechnological approaches for building a new tool which can significantly impact crop productivity in a sustainable, environmentally sound manner.
Biotechnology; Agriculture; Crop Productivity
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Review on post-harvest handling to reduce loss of fruits and vegetables
Fruits and vegetables are the perishable agricultural commodities. Harvesting of pre-matured and over- matured fruits results in shorter storage life and quality deterioration. Thus the fruits should be harvested at proper stage of maturity for good quality with better storage. Vegetables on other hand can be harvested at horticultural maturity. However, poor handling method of produce has resulted to a serious post-harvest loss, loss of time and money spend. Unavailability of suitable handling processes and chemical treatment are triggering huge amount of loss of commodities. Hence, producers are suffering from great economic loss due to lack of proper handling methods, lack of nature and cause of postharvest loss and proper preservation methods. However, loss can be minimized by subejecting produce to proper management and handling procedure such as cleaning, grading and sorting, storage, transportation and marketing. Pre-harvest and postharvest treatment with certain chemicals also extends the shelf life of commodities by preventing from harmful pathogens and from contamination. The data were collected from different relevant sources and has been described in own words. Consequently, this paper suggests the postharvest handling of fruits and vegetables in such a way to reduce post-harvest loss and increase the availability of produce.
fruits, vegetables, post-harvest, handling, shelf life, management
Future prospective of nanophytovirology: A review
Plant viral diseases are threating for sustainable agriculture and cause financial ruin for formers. In recent scenario advanced nanoparticles are the best tool for the management of plant viral diseases in the field of for agronomy. The application of nanotechnology for management of plant viral disease are called nanophytovirology. These nanoparticles are managing plant diseases by variety of ways like directly inhibiting viral replication, antiviral drug delivery agent, increase the viral disease resistance of plants and deactivating viruses. In this way nanoparticles offer a versatile approach for controlling viral infections, from early detection to treatment and prevention. Through antiviral assays researchers proves that different nanoparticles have shown excellent virucidal properties against various plant viruses. The present review discusses about a new field of nanophytovirology which focusing on the use of nanotechnology to manage not only detection of plant viral diseases but also its control.
Nanophytovirology, sustainable agriculture, financial ruin, inhibiting viral replication, antiviral drug delivery agent, versatile approach
Physiological roles of nano fertilizer and thiamine (B1) on some growth and flowering of Petunia plant (Petunia hybrida L.)
The study was carried out at the Lath house located in the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, University of Kirkuk, Agricultural Research and Experiments Station, Al-Sayada. To assess the impact of two parameters, namely the foliar application of Nano fertilizer with varying concentrations of macro and micro components (0, 1.5, and 3) g, the study was conducted from October 23, 2022, to June 4, 2023. The doses of L-1 and thiamine are 0 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg. The experiment on growth and flowering attributes was planned using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The findings were analyzed using the statistical tool SAS (2005). The Dunkin' test was conducted at a significance level of 0.05. The findings revealed that the application of Nano fertilizer, at a concentration of 3 g. L-1 , resulted in an increase in plant height by 18.6 cm. Conversely, the use of thiamine led to a significant reduction in plant height when the concentration was increased to 300 mg. The length of L-1 is 14.16 cm. The study revealed that the combination between Nano fertilizer, which contains both macro and micro components, and thiamine had a notable impact at a concentration of 3 g. Concentrations of L-1 thiamine at 0.0 and 300 mg L-1 resulted in significant increases in plant height (24.3 cm) and leaf area (1459 cm2 ), respectively. Additionally, the plants exhibited an early blooming date at a dosage of 1.5 g. The treatment with L-1 and 300 mg L-1 (27.67) resulted in a delay in blooming date (56.67) compared to the plant control.
Physiological, nano, fertilizer, petunia, Petunia hybrida L
Effect of levels of nitrogen with boron and zinc on growth of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae L. Var. italica) Cv. Phule Ganesh
The investigation was carried out in shadenet of Instructional- cum- Research farm of Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture, VNMKV, Parbhani during the year 2018-2019. The seven different treatments including control were used in Randomized Block Design (RBD). There were significant differences found in growth, yield and quality by the soil application of NPK and B and Zn with different treatments. Application of 130 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 15 kg B ha-1 gave maximum plant height (29.57 cm), stem diameter (4.06 cm), Number of leaves (20.63), Length of longest leaves (26.37 cm), Width of leaves (16.70 cm), leaf area (717.07 cm2 ), leaf area index (0.199), days taken to central curd formation (53.43), days taken to central curd maturity (72.77), curd diameter (16.18 cm), curd length (14.20 cm), weight of central curd per plant (326.73 g).
ENHANCEMENT OF CROP YIELD AND SOIL NUTRIENTS BY INTEGRATED USE OF VERMICOMPOST AND NATURAL FERTILIZERS
According to survey conducted under the National Soil Health Card Scheme, worrying trends have come to light- the level of fertility and health of the country's soil have deteriorated considerably due to loss of nutrients and organic matter. The objective of this article is to find out effect of integrated use of vermicompost and natural fertilizer on yield as well as to restore the soil health. Earthworm acts as biodigester, ingesting the organic waste material, breaking it up in their gizzard, consuming the digestible portion and then excreting a humus like material, the vermicast. Eisenia fetida, a common species of earthworm, has been used. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design, comprising of four treatment levels and ten replications. The treatments comprised four levels viz., T1 without fertilizer or manure (control), T2 only Vermicompost at the rate 5-6 t/ha, T3 ghanjeevamrit @ 200 Kg/acre + beejamrit + vermicompost at the rate 6-7 t/ha and T4 ghanjeevamrit @ 200 Kg/acre + beejamrit + jeevamrit @ 200l/acre + vermiwash 500l/ha + vermicompost @ 6-7 t/ha. The grain and straw yield (q/ha) were more pronounced in T4 when the natural fertilizers were integrated with vermicompost and vermiwash. Furthermore, the enhanced yield stabilized in the years to come.Soil samples were collected from the entire study area of Amaitha village before and after different treatments and their chemical analysis in respect of pH, EC, OC and available N, P and K were done. It was found that after T4 treatment the soil nutrients were enhanced.
Fertility enhancer, organic carbon, Eisenia fetida, vermicast, vermiwash, natural fertilizer, carbon sequestration
SOIL HEALTH MANAGEMENT FOR OPTIMAL HORTICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION
Soil health is a cornerstone of successful horticultural crop production, impacting plant growth, yield, and quality. Effective soil health management involves maintaining or improving soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. This article explores the essential components of soil health, including soil structure, pH levels, nutrient content, and the role of soil microorganisms and organic matter. It also discusses best practices for soil health management, such as crop rotation, cover cropping, organic amendments, reduced tillage, integrated nutrient management, efficient water management, and integrated pest management. The significance of regular soil testing and monitoring is emphasized to ensure informed decision-making. Implementing these practices enhances soil fertility, promotes sustainable crop production, and supports environmental sustainability
Optimal horticultural, crop production, health management
METAL/METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES FOR ENHANCING THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF FOOD PACKAGING AND REDUCING FOOD-BORNE DISEASE
One of the main challenges of creating food packaging is preventing the products from deteriorating, but still keeping their quality during handling and storage. One factor that decreases shelf life is a lack of antimicrobial packaging films. These normally prevent microbial contamination, but without them might be decreases shelf life of food products. The best packaging films have great mechanical properties and also the permeability of water vapor or oxygen, for example. Because consumers often prefer products that are high quality and fresh, they buy food without additives. This creates issues for manufacturers that need the additives to maintain freshness. In this review, the development of innovative packaging materials using nanotechnology was addressed. Polysaccharides such as chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and starch are biodegradable and nontoxic, so they do not pose environmental threats; however, they have poor antimicrobial activity, mechanical properties, and low water resistance. Therefore, nanomaterials can be employed to improve antimicrobial activity, thermal, mechanical, and gas barrier properties of food packaging. Bionanocomposites technologies are novel, high-performance, lightweight, and ecofriendly materials that can replace traditional nonbiodegradable plastic packaging.
Utilization of Nanotechnology in Food Packaging; Antimicrobial Mechanisms; Polymer nanocomposites in Food Packaging; Antimicrobial Inorganic Nanostructures in Food Packaging Applications
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT KALYAN CHETTRI
In the case of developing countries, the significance of science and technology for rural development has been recognized to a much greater extent. In rural areas, there have been improvements in various areas such as the livelihood of the people, educational institutions, medical and health care centers, small scale industries, agriculture, sources of energy, water, housing, information tech- nology, space technology, women and employment opportunities. Developments and progress in all these areas have been as a result of utilization of innovative techniques and science. Rural people have understood the benefits of computers and television. In India, agriculture is the main occupation in rural areas and people have become aware of advanced agricultural techniques, irrigation methods, seeds, fertilizers and so forth. In this research paper, the researcher has highlighted science and technology from an Indian perspective, characteristics, examples of appropriate technologies, applications of science and technology, significance of science and technology, and role of science academies. There have been developments in the rural areas but much more awareness and thought- fulness is required for the further development of the rural areas.
Science and Technology; Rural Development; Economic Growth; Poverty Alleviation
EFFICACY OF NEW CHEMICAL PII 122 4% G (THIOCYCLAM HYDROGEN OXALATE 4G) IN MANAGING RICE PESTS
The major production constraint of rice in enhancing productivity is due to attack by pests. Rice stem borer and leaf folder are considered as economic pests and influence the yield if proper timely management practices are not adopted. In case of severe pest incidences the usage of insecticides is inevitable. A single insecticide application may control various pest species and usually forms a persistent residue that continues to kill insects for more days after application. Many farmers are adopting combination chemicals in order to manage the various pests attack at one instance. But, regular usage of chemicals with same mode of action and in compatible insecticidal combinations may lead to pest resistance, resurgence and residual effect. Granular formulations do not blow or drift and are considered relatively safe from the standpoint of accidental human exposure. Hence, alternate chemicals in form of granular formulations which can target major pests with no phtyotoxicity on crops are required. Hence, studies on efficacy pertaining to PII 122 4% G at different concentrations along with check chemicals viz., cartap hydrochloride 4 G, fipronil 0.3 G and untreated control were evaluate at Agricultural Research Station, Garikapadu during rabi 2017-18 to assess the efficacy of various test chemicals against stem borer and leaf folder infesting rice. The experimental trial was laid out with eight treatments that were replicated thrice and two spraying were imposed during the entire crop period at tillering at panicle initiation stage. The data on per cent leaf folder damaged leaves before and at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application and % Dead hearts before and at 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after application and % White ears before harvest were recorded. The data was pooled and were analysed using SPSS statistical package. The results revealed that, the treatment T7 (university standard) and T3 (PII 122 4% G @ 500g a.i./ha) was found effective in suppressing the leaf folder and stem borer in terms of dead hearts and white ears. T5 was also found effective in suppressing the stemborer infestation and is found on par with the efficacy of test chemical T7 and T3. Hence, it can be concluded that PII 122 4% G @ 500g a.i./ha is effective against stem borer and leaf
STUDY ON GENETIC DIVERSITY IN RICE GERMPLASM
In 2024, the present investigation Study on Genetic Diversity in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm. Five plants selected at random from every genotype were examined for 13 yield- related traits. ANOVA results for all traits identified considerable genetic heterogeneity favourable for fostering yield improvement through breeding. These high-yielding genotypes SHUATS DHAN-1, INDRANI, AK DHAN, D DHAN-39, and JARAVA were characterized by pronounced genetic progress, elevated heritability, and pronounced variability. Their adaptation to a variety of conditions was highlighted by the clear genetic differences found in variations in phenotypic traits, including as blooming time, maturity, plant height, and yield components. Other promising lines KHAYAM DHAN, FALGUNA, KRISHNA HAMSA, and HMT displayed outstanding performance in vital yield-related traits and are therefore recommended for direct selection and incorporation into breeding programs. Cluster analysis further emphasised the genetic diversity, noting that Cluster II possesses considerable yield potential and considerable separation from other clusters most notably from Cluster VI indicating abundant opportunity for heterotic hybrid development.
Cluster analysis, genetic diversity, grain yield, genetic advance, heritability
CROP TOLERANCE TO SOIL SALINITY, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA MEASURED IN FARM LANDS.
Field data on the relation of agricultural crop yields and soil salinity, expressed in the electric conductivity and extract of saturated soil samples (ECe in dS/m) , are analysed to find the salt tolerance level. It concerns eight different crops in three countries of which wheat occurred thrice and cotton twice. A first attempt of analysis can be by means of a generalized cubic regression (GCR) to detect the trend of the relation between yield and salinity. When this trend suggests that a range of no effect may exist, this range is determined by linear regression using the condition that the regression coefficient, i.e. the slope of the regression line, does not differ significantly from zero. This method is called partial regression (PAR) because the trend of the data beyond the range is analysed separately. From the range of “no effect”, the tolerance level, i.e. the maximum salinity level at which no yield decline sets in, can be determined. This tolerance level appears as a Break-Point (BP) between the yield-salinity relations left and right of it. This breakpoint is also called threshold, tolerance or critical level. In literature, the Maas-Hofmann (MH) model has been used frequently to detect the tolerance level, but this has occurred mainly for data obtained under controlled laboratory conditions, or in pot and lysimeter experiments. Owing to the generally flat trend at the tail-end of the yield-salinity relation, the MH model, determined by the least squares method, usually produces considerably lower BP values than the PAR method as the flat tail-end draws the BP to the left. It is questionable that the trend at the tail-end should determine the salt tolerance. The van Genuchten-Gupta (vGG) model, producing a general picture of the relation between crop yield and soil salinity, has been applied less frequently. It does not yield a well defined tolerance level. In general, a polynomial or the CGR regression produces a better fit of the data to the growth curve. In all cases in this study of field data, the “range of no effect” could be clearly defined. However, in some cases the tolerance values could be higher than determined here because prolongation of the range of no effect was prohibited due to limited number of data beyond it. A comparison of results of field data and laboratory experiments is made, which shows the same orders of magnitude.