EMERGING RISK DETERMINANTS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: INSIGHTS FROM A CASE–CONTROL STUDY

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global health burden, associated with high morbidity, mortality, and economic costs. While traditional risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease are well established, emerging nontraditional determinants are increasingly recognized as contributors to CKD progression. This case–control study was conducted to identify newer risk factors associated with CKD development. Patients diagnosed with CKD (cases) were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Clinical, demographic, and lifestyle-related parameters were collected, including dietary habits, obesity indices, smoking, alcohol consumption, use of nephrotoxic drugs, exposure to environmental pollutants, and family history. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the association of these factors with CKD risk. The findings revealed significant associations between CKD and factors such as high body mass index, chronic analgesic use, sedentary lifestyle, and positive family history, in addition to the conventional risks. Emerging associations with environmental exposures and certain dietary practices were also noted. This study highlights the multifactorial nature of CKD and underscores the importance of identifying modifiable nontraditional risks to enable early intervention and prevention